Eficiência da inclusão financeira na Colômbia, 2014
Copyright and Licensing:
Copyright (c) 2018 Semestre Económico
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
- Articles
- Enviado: fevereiro 26, 2018
-
Publicado: fevereiro 26, 2018
Resumo
Existe uma correlação muito alta entre a exclusão dos serviços oferecidos pelo setor financeiro formal e a pobreza. Por isso, neste trabalho, mede-se, para o ano 2014, a eficiência da inclusão financeira na Colômbia. Na análise, incluem-se os bancos, as companhias de financiamento e as cooperativas financeiras, que são estudados de maneira não global, mediante a aplicação da análise envolvente de dados e pela metodologia não paramétrica de programação linear que, por meio de um duplo processo de otimização, gera indicadores de eficiência. Neste trabalho, dá-se resposta às seguintes questões: que tipo de entidades são eficientes e em que número? Como é a distribuição das entidades segundo o intervalo de índice de eficiência? Há algum grupo que se diferencie? Os resultados demonstram que somente 25% das instituições analisadas são eficientes.
Referências
Allen, F.; Demirguc-Kunt, A.; Klapper, L. y Martinez, M. (2016). The foundations of financial inclusion: Understanding ownership and use of formal accounts. En: Journal of Financial Intermediation, Vol. 27, p. 1-30.
Angelucci, M.; Karlan, D. y Zinman, J. (2013). Win Some Lose Some? Evidence from a Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment by Compartamos Banco. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 68p.
Appleyard, L. (2011). Community Development Finance Institutions (CDFIs): Geographies of financial inclusion in the US and UK. En: Geoforum, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 250-258.
Banker, R.; Charnes, A. y Cooper, W. (1984). Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. En: Management Sciencie. Vol 30, No. 9, p. 1078 - 1092.
Bayero, M. (2015). Effects of Cashless Economy Policy on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 172, p. 49-56.
Bruhn, M. e Inessa, L. (2016). The Economic Impact of Expanding Access to Finance in Mexico. 2p.
Burgess, R. y Pande, R. (2005). Can Rural Banks Reduce Poverty? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment. En: American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 3, p. 780 - 795.
Chakravarty, S. y Pal, R. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach. En: Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol 35, No. 5, p. 813–837.
Charnes, A. y Cooper, W. (1962). Programming with linear fractional functional. En: Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3-4, p. 67-88.
Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. y Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. En: European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 429–444.
Cook, W.; Kress, M. y Seiford, L. (1993). On the Use of Ordinal Data in Data Envelopment Analysis. En: Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 44, No. 2, p. 133-140.
Cooper, W.; Seiford, L. y Tone, K. (2000). Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. Boston, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 219p.
Costantino, N.; Dotoli, M.; Falagario, M.; Fanti, M. P.; Mangini, A. M. y Sciancalepore, F. (2013). A hierarchical optimization technique for the strategic design of distribution networks. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 849–864.
Cull, L., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. y Lyman, T. (2012). Inclusión y estabilidad financiera: ¿qué demuestran las investigaciones? Washington, DC: CGAP, 4p.
Cull, R.; Ehrbeck, T. y Holle, N. (2014a). La inclusión financiera y el desarrollo: Pruebas recientes de su impacto. Washington, DC, CGAP, 12p.
Cull, R., Ehrbeck, T. y Holle, N. (2014b). Financial Inclusion and Development: Recent Impact Evidence. Washington, DC, CGAP, 12p.
D´alcantara, G. y Gautier, A. (2013). The postal sector as a vector of financial inclusion. En: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 84, No. 2, p. 119–137.
Dasgupta, R. (2009). Two Approaches to Financial Inclusion. En: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 26/27 p. 41-44.
De Koker, L. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives? En: World Development, 44, p. 267-280.
Demirguc-Kunt, A. y Klapper, L. (2013). Measuring Financial Inclusion: Explaining Variation in Use of Financial Services across andwithin Countries. En: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 44, No. 1, p. 279-321.
Diniz, E.; Birochi, R. y Pozzebon, M. (2012). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county. En: Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol.11, No. 2, p. 484-494.
Dotoli, M.; Epicoco, N.; Falagario, M. y Sciancalepore, F. (2015). A cross-efficiency fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis technique for performance evaluation of Decision Making Units under uncertainty. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 79, p. 103–114.
Friedline, T. y Rauktis, M. (2014). Young People Are the Front Lines of Financial Inclusion: A Review of 45 Years of Research. En: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 48, No. 3, p. 535-602.
Fungácová, Z. y Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. En: China Economic Review, Vol. 34, p. 196–206.
García, N.; Grifoni, A.; Lopez, J. y Mejía, D. (2013). Financial Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Rationale, Overview and Way Forward. OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions, No. 33, 74p.
Ghahraman, A. y Prior, D. (2016). A learning ladder to ward efficiency: Proposing network-based stepwise benchmark selection. En: Omega, Vol. 63, p. 83-93.
Ghasemi, M.; Ignatius, J.; Lozano, S.; Emrouznejad, A. y Hatami-Marbini, A. (2015). A fuzzy expected value approach under generalized data envelopment analysis. En: Knowledge- Based Systems, Vol. 89, p. 148–159.
Gupte, R.; Venkataramani, B. y Gupta, D. (2012). Computation of financial inclusion index for India. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 37, p. 133–149.
Gwalani, H. y Parkhi, S. (2014). Financial inclusion - Building a success model in the Indian context. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volo. 133, p. 372-378.
Hatami-Marbini, A.; Emrouznejad, A. y Tavana, M. (2011). A taxonomy and review of the fuzzy data envelopment analysis literature: two decades in the making. En: Euro Journal Opertional Research. Vol. 214, No. 3, p. 457-472.
Johnes, J.; Izzeldin, M. y Pappas, V. (2014). A comparison of performance of Islamic and con¬ventional banks 2004–2009. En: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 103, p. 93-107.
Johnson, E. y Sherraden, M. (2007). From Financial Literacy to Financial Capability. En: Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 119-146.
Johnson, S. y Arnold, S. (2012). Inclusive Financial Markets: Is Transformation Under Way in Kenya? En: Development Policy Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, p. 719-748.
Kapoor, A. (2014). Financial inclusion and the future of the Indian economy. En: Futures, Vol. 56, p. 35-42.
Kear, M. (2013). Governing Homo Subprimicus: Beyond Financial Citizenship, Exclusion, and Rights. En: Antipode, Vol. 45, No. 4, p. 926 946.
Mahdiloo, M.; Tavana, M.; Saen, R. y Noorizadeh, A. (2014). A game theoretic approach to modeling undesirable outputs and efficiency decomposition in data envelopment analysis. En: Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 244, p. 479–492.
Morales, L.; y Yáñez, A. (2006). La bancarización en Chile. En: Serie Técnica de Estudios de la Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras, No. 7, p. 1 -18.
Morgan, P. (2015). Financial Stability and Financial Inclusion. En A. I. Economics, Financial System Stability, Regulation, and Financial Inclusion. Tokyo: Springer, 122p.
Piraquete, J.; Piñeros, J. y Mondragón, L. (2013). Eficiencia en los Establecimientos Bancarios (EB): una aproximación mediante modelos DEA. En: Borradores de Economía. No. 798, 39 p.
Puri, J.; y Prasad, S. (2013). A concept of fuzzy input mix-efficiency in fuzzy DEA and its application. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 40, No. 5, p.1437–1450.
Puri, J., y Yadav, S. (2014). A fuzzy DEA model with undesirable fuzzy outputs and its application to the banking sector in India. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 41, No. 14, p. 6419-6432.
Roa, M. (2013). Financial Education and Behavioral Finance: New Insights into the role of Infor¬mation in financial decisions. En: Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 297-315.
Roa, M. (2014). La Inclusión y la Estabilidad Financieras. Documentos de Investigación 15. México D.F.: CEMLA, 28p.
Rodríguez, G. (2011). Indicadores DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) de eficiencia y productividad para las actividades de extensión universitaria. Aplicación en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 262p.
Sarma, M. y Pais, J. (2011). Financial Inclusion and development. En: Journal of International Development, Vol. 23, No. 5, p. 613-628.
Sarmiento, M.; Cepeda, A.; Mutis, H. y Pérez, J. (2014). Nueva Evidencia sobre la Eficiencia de la Banca Colombiana: Una medición con modelos de frontera no-paramétricos. En: Archivos de Economía. Documento 392, 49p.
Svitalkova, Z. (2014). Comparison and Evaluation of Bank Efficiency in Selected Countries in EU. En: Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 12, p. 644-653.
Thorat, U. (2006). Financial inclusion and millennium goals. 2006: Reserve Bank of India, 250p.
Vera, C. y Titelman, D. (2013). Financiamiento para el Desarrollo El Sistema Financiero en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL, 396p.
Villacorta, O. y Reyes, J. (2012). Servicios financieros para las mayorías, La inclusión financiera en México. En: Revista mbs, No. 2, p. 5-21.
Villasenor, J., West, D., y Lewis, R. (2016). The 2016 brookings financial and digital inclusion project report. Washington: Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings, 164p.
Wanke, P. y Barros, C. (2014). Two-stage DEA: An application to major Brazilian banks. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 41, No. 5, p. 2337-2344.
Yang, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, Y. y Liang, L. (2014). An equilibrium efficiency frontier data envelopment analysis approach for evaluating decision-making units with fixed-sum outputs. En: European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 239, No. 2, p. 479-489.
Zhan, M. y Sherraden, M. (2011). Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children’s College Degree Attainment. En: Children and Youth Services Review, Vol.33, No. 6, p. 846-854.
Zhou, Z.; Sun, L.; Yang, W. y Ma, C. (2013). A bargaining game model for efficiency decomposition in the centralized model. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 103-108.
OTRAS REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2011). Measuring Financial Inclusion. Core Set of Financial Inclusion Indicators. Bangkok: Financial Inclusion Data Working Group, Alliance for Financial, 20p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2015). The Maya Declaration Progress Report Commitments Into Action. Kuala Lumpur: AFI, 52p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2016a). A Financial Inclusion Index to measure the progress of Financial Inclusion. . Kuala Lumpur: Alliance for Financial Inclusion, 8p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2016b). Alliance for Financial Inclusion, 4p.
BCE –Banco Central del Ecuador– (2012). Inclusión Financiera Aproximaciones teóricas y prácticas. Quito: Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), 112p.
BCB –Banco Central do Brasil– (2011). Relatório de Inclusão. Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil, 183p.
Banco Mundial (2016). Base de datos Global Findex. Obtenido de Global Financial Development Report 2014, 24p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2012). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2011, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 154p.
Bdo y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2013). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2012, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 151p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2014). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2013, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 204p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2015). Reporte Inclusión Financiera 2014, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 200p.
Center for Financial Inclusion (2015). Inclusión financiera y envejecimiento: una oportunidad. MetLife Foundation, 40p.
CFI –Committee on Financial Inclusion– (2008). Report of the Committee on Financial inclusion. New Delhi, 167p.
CGAP –Grupo Consultivo de Ayuda a los Pobres– (2011). Global Standard-Setting Bodies and Financial Inclusion for the Poor: Towards Proportionale Standards and Guidance. CGAP, 62p.
CNIF –Consejo Nacional de Inclusión Financiera de México– (2012). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 4. México D.F.: Consejo Nacional de Inclusión Financiera, 112p.
GPFI –Global Parnership for Financial Inclusion– (2016). G 20 Financial Inclusion Indicators. Hangzhou: GPFI, 8p.
SES –Superintendencia de Economía Solidaria– (2016). Superintendencia de Economía Solidaria.
SFC –Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2016). Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2014). Microscopio Global 2014: Análisis del entorno para la inclusión financiera. New York: EIU, 91 p.
World Bank Group (2015). 2015 The little data book on Financial Inclusion. Washington: Worl Bank Group, 176p.
Angelucci, M.; Karlan, D. y Zinman, J. (2013). Win Some Lose Some? Evidence from a Randomized Microcredit Program Placement Experiment by Compartamos Banco. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research, 68p.
Appleyard, L. (2011). Community Development Finance Institutions (CDFIs): Geographies of financial inclusion in the US and UK. En: Geoforum, Vol. 42, No. 2, p. 250-258.
Banker, R.; Charnes, A. y Cooper, W. (1984). Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis. En: Management Sciencie. Vol 30, No. 9, p. 1078 - 1092.
Bayero, M. (2015). Effects of Cashless Economy Policy on Financial Inclusion in Nigeria: An exploratory study. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 172, p. 49-56.
Bruhn, M. e Inessa, L. (2016). The Economic Impact of Expanding Access to Finance in Mexico. 2p.
Burgess, R. y Pande, R. (2005). Can Rural Banks Reduce Poverty? Evidence from the Indian Social Banking Experiment. En: American Economic Review, Vol. 95, No. 3, p. 780 - 795.
Chakravarty, S. y Pal, R. (2013). Financial inclusion in India: An axiomatic approach. En: Journal of Policy Modeling, Vol 35, No. 5, p. 813–837.
Charnes, A. y Cooper, W. (1962). Programming with linear fractional functional. En: Naval Research Logistics Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3-4, p. 67-88.
Charnes, A.; Cooper, W. y Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. En: European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 2, No. 6, p. 429–444.
Cook, W.; Kress, M. y Seiford, L. (1993). On the Use of Ordinal Data in Data Envelopment Analysis. En: Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 44, No. 2, p. 133-140.
Cooper, W.; Seiford, L. y Tone, K. (2000). Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA-Solver Software. Boston, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 219p.
Costantino, N.; Dotoli, M.; Falagario, M.; Fanti, M. P.; Mangini, A. M. y Sciancalepore, F. (2013). A hierarchical optimization technique for the strategic design of distribution networks. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4, p. 849–864.
Cull, L., Demirgüç-Kunt, A. y Lyman, T. (2012). Inclusión y estabilidad financiera: ¿qué demuestran las investigaciones? Washington, DC: CGAP, 4p.
Cull, R.; Ehrbeck, T. y Holle, N. (2014a). La inclusión financiera y el desarrollo: Pruebas recientes de su impacto. Washington, DC, CGAP, 12p.
Cull, R., Ehrbeck, T. y Holle, N. (2014b). Financial Inclusion and Development: Recent Impact Evidence. Washington, DC, CGAP, 12p.
D´alcantara, G. y Gautier, A. (2013). The postal sector as a vector of financial inclusion. En: Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Vol. 84, No. 2, p. 119–137.
Dasgupta, R. (2009). Two Approaches to Financial Inclusion. En: Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 44, No. 26/27 p. 41-44.
De Koker, L. (2013). Financial Inclusion and Financial Integrity: Aligned Incentives? En: World Development, 44, p. 267-280.
Demirguc-Kunt, A. y Klapper, L. (2013). Measuring Financial Inclusion: Explaining Variation in Use of Financial Services across andwithin Countries. En: Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Vol. 44, No. 1, p. 279-321.
Diniz, E.; Birochi, R. y Pozzebon, M. (2012). Triggers and barriers to financial inclusion: The use of ICT-based branchless banking in an Amazon county. En: Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, Vol.11, No. 2, p. 484-494.
Dotoli, M.; Epicoco, N.; Falagario, M. y Sciancalepore, F. (2015). A cross-efficiency fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis technique for performance evaluation of Decision Making Units under uncertainty. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 79, p. 103–114.
Friedline, T. y Rauktis, M. (2014). Young People Are the Front Lines of Financial Inclusion: A Review of 45 Years of Research. En: The Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 48, No. 3, p. 535-602.
Fungácová, Z. y Weill, L. (2015). Understanding financial inclusion in China. En: China Economic Review, Vol. 34, p. 196–206.
García, N.; Grifoni, A.; Lopez, J. y Mejía, D. (2013). Financial Education in Latin America and the Caribbean: Rationale, Overview and Way Forward. OECD working papers on finance, insurance and private pensions, No. 33, 74p.
Ghahraman, A. y Prior, D. (2016). A learning ladder to ward efficiency: Proposing network-based stepwise benchmark selection. En: Omega, Vol. 63, p. 83-93.
Ghasemi, M.; Ignatius, J.; Lozano, S.; Emrouznejad, A. y Hatami-Marbini, A. (2015). A fuzzy expected value approach under generalized data envelopment analysis. En: Knowledge- Based Systems, Vol. 89, p. 148–159.
Gupte, R.; Venkataramani, B. y Gupta, D. (2012). Computation of financial inclusion index for India. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 37, p. 133–149.
Gwalani, H. y Parkhi, S. (2014). Financial inclusion - Building a success model in the Indian context. En: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Volo. 133, p. 372-378.
Hatami-Marbini, A.; Emrouznejad, A. y Tavana, M. (2011). A taxonomy and review of the fuzzy data envelopment analysis literature: two decades in the making. En: Euro Journal Opertional Research. Vol. 214, No. 3, p. 457-472.
Johnes, J.; Izzeldin, M. y Pappas, V. (2014). A comparison of performance of Islamic and con¬ventional banks 2004–2009. En: Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Vol. 103, p. 93-107.
Johnson, E. y Sherraden, M. (2007). From Financial Literacy to Financial Capability. En: Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 119-146.
Johnson, S. y Arnold, S. (2012). Inclusive Financial Markets: Is Transformation Under Way in Kenya? En: Development Policy Review, Vol. 30, No. 6, p. 719-748.
Kapoor, A. (2014). Financial inclusion and the future of the Indian economy. En: Futures, Vol. 56, p. 35-42.
Kear, M. (2013). Governing Homo Subprimicus: Beyond Financial Citizenship, Exclusion, and Rights. En: Antipode, Vol. 45, No. 4, p. 926 946.
Mahdiloo, M.; Tavana, M.; Saen, R. y Noorizadeh, A. (2014). A game theoretic approach to modeling undesirable outputs and efficiency decomposition in data envelopment analysis. En: Applied Mathematics and Computation, Vol. 244, p. 479–492.
Morales, L.; y Yáñez, A. (2006). La bancarización en Chile. En: Serie Técnica de Estudios de la Superintendencia de Bancos e Instituciones Financieras, No. 7, p. 1 -18.
Morgan, P. (2015). Financial Stability and Financial Inclusion. En A. I. Economics, Financial System Stability, Regulation, and Financial Inclusion. Tokyo: Springer, 122p.
Piraquete, J.; Piñeros, J. y Mondragón, L. (2013). Eficiencia en los Establecimientos Bancarios (EB): una aproximación mediante modelos DEA. En: Borradores de Economía. No. 798, 39 p.
Puri, J.; y Prasad, S. (2013). A concept of fuzzy input mix-efficiency in fuzzy DEA and its application. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 40, No. 5, p.1437–1450.
Puri, J., y Yadav, S. (2014). A fuzzy DEA model with undesirable fuzzy outputs and its application to the banking sector in India. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 41, No. 14, p. 6419-6432.
Roa, M. (2013). Financial Education and Behavioral Finance: New Insights into the role of Infor¬mation in financial decisions. En: Journal of Economic Surveys, Vol. 27, No. 2, p. 297-315.
Roa, M. (2014). La Inclusión y la Estabilidad Financieras. Documentos de Investigación 15. México D.F.: CEMLA, 28p.
Rodríguez, G. (2011). Indicadores DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) de eficiencia y productividad para las actividades de extensión universitaria. Aplicación en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Centro Editorial Facultad de Ciencias Económicas Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 262p.
Sarma, M. y Pais, J. (2011). Financial Inclusion and development. En: Journal of International Development, Vol. 23, No. 5, p. 613-628.
Sarmiento, M.; Cepeda, A.; Mutis, H. y Pérez, J. (2014). Nueva Evidencia sobre la Eficiencia de la Banca Colombiana: Una medición con modelos de frontera no-paramétricos. En: Archivos de Economía. Documento 392, 49p.
Svitalkova, Z. (2014). Comparison and Evaluation of Bank Efficiency in Selected Countries in EU. En: Procedia Economics and Finance, Vol. 12, p. 644-653.
Thorat, U. (2006). Financial inclusion and millennium goals. 2006: Reserve Bank of India, 250p.
Vera, C. y Titelman, D. (2013). Financiamiento para el Desarrollo El Sistema Financiero en América Latina y el Caribe. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL, 396p.
Villacorta, O. y Reyes, J. (2012). Servicios financieros para las mayorías, La inclusión financiera en México. En: Revista mbs, No. 2, p. 5-21.
Villasenor, J., West, D., y Lewis, R. (2016). The 2016 brookings financial and digital inclusion project report. Washington: Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings, 164p.
Wanke, P. y Barros, C. (2014). Two-stage DEA: An application to major Brazilian banks. En: Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 41, No. 5, p. 2337-2344.
Yang, M.; Li, Y.; Chen, Y. y Liang, L. (2014). An equilibrium efficiency frontier data envelopment analysis approach for evaluating decision-making units with fixed-sum outputs. En: European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 239, No. 2, p. 479-489.
Zhan, M. y Sherraden, M. (2011). Assets and Liabilities, Educational Expectations, and Children’s College Degree Attainment. En: Children and Youth Services Review, Vol.33, No. 6, p. 846-854.
Zhou, Z.; Sun, L.; Yang, W. y Ma, C. (2013). A bargaining game model for efficiency decomposition in the centralized model. En: Computers & Industrial Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 1, p. 103-108.
OTRAS REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2011). Measuring Financial Inclusion. Core Set of Financial Inclusion Indicators. Bangkok: Financial Inclusion Data Working Group, Alliance for Financial, 20p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2015). The Maya Declaration Progress Report Commitments Into Action. Kuala Lumpur: AFI, 52p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2016a). A Financial Inclusion Index to measure the progress of Financial Inclusion. . Kuala Lumpur: Alliance for Financial Inclusion, 8p.
AFI –Alliance for Financial Inclusion– (2016b). Alliance for Financial Inclusion, 4p.
BCE –Banco Central del Ecuador– (2012). Inclusión Financiera Aproximaciones teóricas y prácticas. Quito: Banco Central del Ecuador (BCE), 112p.
BCB –Banco Central do Brasil– (2011). Relatório de Inclusão. Brasília: Banco Central do Brasil, 183p.
Banco Mundial (2016). Base de datos Global Findex. Obtenido de Global Financial Development Report 2014, 24p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2012). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2011, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 154p.
Bdo y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2013). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2012, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 151p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2014). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 2013, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 204p.
BdO y SFC –Banca de las Oportunidades y Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2015). Reporte Inclusión Financiera 2014, Bogotá, BdO y SFC, 200p.
Center for Financial Inclusion (2015). Inclusión financiera y envejecimiento: una oportunidad. MetLife Foundation, 40p.
CFI –Committee on Financial Inclusion– (2008). Report of the Committee on Financial inclusion. New Delhi, 167p.
CGAP –Grupo Consultivo de Ayuda a los Pobres– (2011). Global Standard-Setting Bodies and Financial Inclusion for the Poor: Towards Proportionale Standards and Guidance. CGAP, 62p.
CNIF –Consejo Nacional de Inclusión Financiera de México– (2012). Reporte de Inclusión Financiera 4. México D.F.: Consejo Nacional de Inclusión Financiera, 112p.
GPFI –Global Parnership for Financial Inclusion– (2016). G 20 Financial Inclusion Indicators. Hangzhou: GPFI, 8p.
SES –Superintendencia de Economía Solidaria– (2016). Superintendencia de Economía Solidaria.
SFC –Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia– (2016). Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia.
The Economist Intelligence Unit. (2014). Microscopio Global 2014: Análisis del entorno para la inclusión financiera. New York: EIU, 91 p.
World Bank Group (2015). 2015 The little data book on Financial Inclusion. Washington: Worl Bank Group, 176p.
