Twitter formation of like-minded and dissimilar political communities during the 2015 mayoral campaign in Manizales
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Jun 14, 2017
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Jun 14, 2019
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Abstract
In the field of political communication, social networks have become an indispensable tool for election campaigns in recent years. In addition to opening communication and dialogue channels that are not available in other media and public spaces, these platforms promote the emergence of online communities that spawn conversations and exchange of political opinions. However, democratic participation in the digital age can lead to overcome certain obstacles, but also to deepen them. A content analysis technique to the messages published during the last twenty-five days of the 2015 mayoral campaign in the official Twitter accounts of the four candidates for Manizales Mayor’s Office, aimed at establishing if the followers of these accounts confronted their points of view with dissimilar perspectives, or if they expressed them only to users who were politically sympathetic to them. The results show a pivotal difference between the two accounts with the greatest participation of citizens regarding the formation of political communities: only one of facilitates the meeting between politically opposed voices, but they appeal to grievance, hostility and disqualification of the other as someone who has an opinion. Nevertheless, the dynamics of both accounts raise the same consequence: The fragmentation of the public sphere, the polarization and the dissolution of the essence of deliberative democracy.
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López Londoño, L. M. (2019). Twitter formation of like-minded and dissimilar political communities during the 2015 mayoral campaign in Manizales. Anagramas Rumbos Y Sentidos De La Comunicación, 17(34), 115–134. https://doi.org/10.22395/angr.v17n34a6
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References
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Jenkins, H. (2008). Convergence culture: la cultura de la convergencia de los medios de comunicación. Barcelona: Paidós.
Jungherr, A. (2016). Twitter use in election campaigns: A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 13(1), 72-91. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2015.1132401
Jungherr, A., Schoen, H., y Jürgens, P. (2016). The mediation of politics through Twitter: An analysis of messages posted during the campaign for the German federal election 2013. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(1), 50–68. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12143
Kim, J., Wyatt, R., y Katz, E. (1999). News, Talk, Opinion, Participation: The Part Played by Conversation in Deliberative Democracy. Political Communication, 16(4), 361-385. doi:10.1080/105846099198541
Keane, J. (1997). Transformaciones estructurales de la esfera pública. Estudios Sociológicos, 43, 47-77.
Krippendorff, K. (1989). Content analysis. En E. Barnouw, G. Gerbner, W. Schramm, T. L. Worth y L. Gross (Eds.), International encyclopedia of communication (pp. 403-407). Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Recuperado de http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/226
Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología de análisis de contenido: teoría y práctica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Kruikemeier, S. (2014). How political candidates use Twitter and the impact on votes. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 131-139. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.025
Manovich, L. (2005). El lenguaje de los nuevos medios de comunicación: la imagen en la era digital. Barcelona: Paidós.
Morales, A.J., Borondo, J., Losada, J.C. y Benito, R.M. (2015). Measuring political polarization: Twitter shows the two sides of Venezuela. Chaos, 25(3), 1-9. doi:10.1063/1.4913758
Moy, P. y Gastil, J. (2006). Predicting Deliberative Conversation: The Impact of Discussion Networks, Media Use, and Political Cognitions. Political Communication, 23, 443–460. doi: 10.1080/10584600600977003
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: the internet as a public sphere. Nueva Media and Society, 4(1), 9–27. doi: 10.1177/14614440222226244
Price, V., Cappella, J. y Nir, L. (2002). Does Disagreement Contribute to More Deliberative Opinion? Political Communication, 19(1), 95-112. doi:10.1080/105846002317246506
Raimondo, N., Reviglio, M. y Divisni, R. (2015). Esfera pública y redes sociales en Internet ¿Qué es lo nuevo en Facebook? Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 7(1), 211-229. doi: 10.14198/MEDCOM2016.7.1.12
Raynauld, V.y Greenberg, J. (2014). Tweet, click, vote: Twitter and the 2010 Ottawa municipal election. Journal of Information Technology y Politics, 11(4), 412–434. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.935840
Sampedro, V., y Resina, J. (2010). Opinión pública y democracia deliberativa en la Sociedad Red. Ayer, 80 (4), 139-162. Recuperado de http://www.ciberdemocracia.net/articulos/Ayer80SampedroyResina.pdf
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Deliberation or dispute? An exploratory study examining dimensions of public opinion expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11, 25–58. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/11.1.25
Scolari, C. (2008). Hipermediaciones: elementos para una teoría de la comunicación digital interactiva. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Slimovich, A. (2016). Política y redes sociales en Argentina: el caso de los candidatos presidenciales de 2011 en Twitter. Signo y Pensamiento, 68, 86-100. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.syp35-68.prsa
Stromer-Galley, J. (2003). Diversity of Political Conversation on the Internet: Users’ Perspectives. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication 8(3). doi: 10.1111/j.1083-101.2003.tb00215.x
Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Recuperado de http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v14/14HarvJLTech753.pdf
Sunstein, C. (2002). The Law of Group Polarization. Journal Of Political Philosophy, 10(2), 175-195. doi:10.1111/1467-9760.00148
Vergeer, M. y Hermans, L. (2013). Campaigning on Twitter: Microblogging and online social networking as campaign tools in the 2010 general elections in the Netherlands. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 399-419. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12023
Waisbord, S. (2015). Diversidad, diferencia, tolerancia. Revisando utopías democráticas a la luz de la comunicación digital. En A. Rojas (Presidencia), Convergencias comunicativas. Mutaciones de la cultura y del poder. Conferencia Magistral del XV Encuentro Latinoamericano de Facultades de Comunicación Social, Medellín, Colombia.
Wilhelm, A. G. (2000). Democracy in the digital age: Challenges to political life in cyberspace. Nueva York: Routledge.
Zamora, R. y Zurutuza, C. (2014). Campaigning on Twitter: Towards the 'Personal Style'' campaign to activate the political engagement during the 2011 spanish general elections. Communication y Society, 27(1), 83-106.
Barredo, D., Arcila, C., y Arroyave, J. (2015). Influence of Social Networks in the Decision to Vote: An Exploratory Survey on the Ecuadorian Electorate. International Journal of E-Politics, 6(4), 15-34. doi: 10.4018/IJEP.2015100102
Blumler, J. y Gurevitch, M. (2001). The New Media and Our Political Communication Discontents: Democratizing Cyberspace. Information, Communication y Society 4(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1080/713768514
Bode, L., Hanna, A., Yang, J., y Shah, D. (2015). Candidate networks, citizen clusters, and political expression: Strategic Hashtag use in the 2010 midterms. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 659(1), 149–165. doi:10.1177/0002716214563923
Borondo, J., Morales, A., Losada, J. y Benito, R. (2012). Characterizing and modeling an electoral campaign in the context of Twitter: 2011 Spanish Presidential election as a case study. Chaos, 22(2). doi:10.1063/1.4729139
Castells, M. (2009). Comunicación y poder. Madrid: Alianza.
Cifuentes, C. y Pino, J. (2018). Conmigo o contra mí: análisis de la concordancia y estrategias temáticas del Centro Democrático en Twitter. Palabra Clave, 21(3), 885-916. doi: 10.5294/pacla.2018.21.3.10
Conover, M., Gonçalves, B., Flammini, A., y Menczer, F. (2012). Partisan asymmetries in online political activity. EPJ Data Science, 1(1), 1–19. doi:10.1140/epjds6
Dahlberg, L. (2007). Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation. Nueva Media y Society, 9(5), 827–847. doi: 10.1177/1461444807081228
Dahlberg, L. (2007). The Internet, deliberative democracy, and power: Radicalizing the public sphere. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics, 3(1), 47-64. doi: 10.1386/macp.3.1.47/1
Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation. Political Communication, 22(2), 147-162. doi: 0.1080/10584600590933160
Eveland, W. y Hively, M. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and 'heterogeneity' of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 205–224. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.0141
Feller, A., Kuhnert, M., Sprenger, T. y Welpe, I. (2011). Divided they tweet: The network structure of political microbloggers and discussion topics. En N. Nicolov, J. G. Shanahan, L. Adamic, R. Baeza-Yates y S. Counts (Eds.), ICWSM 2011: Proceedings of the 5th International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 474–477). Menlo Park: Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI). Recuperado de https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2759
Fredland, L., Hove, T. y Rojas, H. (2006). The networked public sphere. Javnost-The Public, 13(4), 5-26. doi: 10.1080/13183222.2006.11008922
García-Perdomo, V. (2017). Between peace and hate: Framing the 2014 Colombian presidential election on Twitter. Cuadernos.info, 41, 57-70. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1241
Habermas, J. (1981). Historia y crítica de la opinión pública: la transformación estructural de la vida pública. Barcelona: Gustavo Gili.
Han, B. (2014). En el enjambre. Barcelona: Herder.
Hanna, A., Wells, C., Maurer, P., Shah, D., Friedland, L. y Matthews, J. (2013). Partisan alignments and political polarization online: A computational approach to understanding the French and US presidential elections. En I. Weber, A. M. Popescu y M. Pennacchiotti (Eds.), PLEAD 2013: Proceedings of the Politics, Elections, and Data Workshop (pp. 15–21). Nueva York: ACM. Recuperado de http://alexhanna.com/static/pdf/Hanna_etal.PLEAD2013.pdf
Himelboim, I., McCreery, S. y Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather tweet together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(2), 40-60. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12001
Jenkins, H. (2008). Convergence culture: la cultura de la convergencia de los medios de comunicación. Barcelona: Paidós.
Jungherr, A. (2016). Twitter use in election campaigns: A systematic literature review. Journal of Information Technology and Politics, 13(1), 72-91. doi: 10.1080/19331681.2015.1132401
Jungherr, A., Schoen, H., y Jürgens, P. (2016). The mediation of politics through Twitter: An analysis of messages posted during the campaign for the German federal election 2013. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 21(1), 50–68. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12143
Kim, J., Wyatt, R., y Katz, E. (1999). News, Talk, Opinion, Participation: The Part Played by Conversation in Deliberative Democracy. Political Communication, 16(4), 361-385. doi:10.1080/105846099198541
Keane, J. (1997). Transformaciones estructurales de la esfera pública. Estudios Sociológicos, 43, 47-77.
Krippendorff, K. (1989). Content analysis. En E. Barnouw, G. Gerbner, W. Schramm, T. L. Worth y L. Gross (Eds.), International encyclopedia of communication (pp. 403-407). Nueva York: Oxford University Press. Recuperado de http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/226
Krippendorff, K. (1990). Metodología de análisis de contenido: teoría y práctica. Barcelona: Paidós.
Kruikemeier, S. (2014). How political candidates use Twitter and the impact on votes. Computers in Human Behavior, 34, 131-139. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.025
Manovich, L. (2005). El lenguaje de los nuevos medios de comunicación: la imagen en la era digital. Barcelona: Paidós.
Morales, A.J., Borondo, J., Losada, J.C. y Benito, R.M. (2015). Measuring political polarization: Twitter shows the two sides of Venezuela. Chaos, 25(3), 1-9. doi:10.1063/1.4913758
Moy, P. y Gastil, J. (2006). Predicting Deliberative Conversation: The Impact of Discussion Networks, Media Use, and Political Cognitions. Political Communication, 23, 443–460. doi: 10.1080/10584600600977003
Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: the internet as a public sphere. Nueva Media and Society, 4(1), 9–27. doi: 10.1177/14614440222226244
Price, V., Cappella, J. y Nir, L. (2002). Does Disagreement Contribute to More Deliberative Opinion? Political Communication, 19(1), 95-112. doi:10.1080/105846002317246506
Raimondo, N., Reviglio, M. y Divisni, R. (2015). Esfera pública y redes sociales en Internet ¿Qué es lo nuevo en Facebook? Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación, 7(1), 211-229. doi: 10.14198/MEDCOM2016.7.1.12
Raynauld, V.y Greenberg, J. (2014). Tweet, click, vote: Twitter and the 2010 Ottawa municipal election. Journal of Information Technology y Politics, 11(4), 412–434. doi:10.1080/19331681.2014.935840
Sampedro, V., y Resina, J. (2010). Opinión pública y democracia deliberativa en la Sociedad Red. Ayer, 80 (4), 139-162. Recuperado de http://www.ciberdemocracia.net/articulos/Ayer80SampedroyResina.pdf
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Deliberation or dispute? An exploratory study examining dimensions of public opinion expression. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 11, 25–58. doi: 10.1093/ijpor/11.1.25
Scolari, C. (2008). Hipermediaciones: elementos para una teoría de la comunicación digital interactiva. Barcelona: Gedisa.
Slimovich, A. (2016). Política y redes sociales en Argentina: el caso de los candidatos presidenciales de 2011 en Twitter. Signo y Pensamiento, 68, 86-100. doi:10.11144/Javeriana.syp35-68.prsa
Stromer-Galley, J. (2003). Diversity of Political Conversation on the Internet: Users’ Perspectives. Journal of Computer-mediated Communication 8(3). doi: 10.1111/j.1083-101.2003.tb00215.x
Sunstein, C. (2001). Republic.com. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Recuperado de http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v14/14HarvJLTech753.pdf
Sunstein, C. (2002). The Law of Group Polarization. Journal Of Political Philosophy, 10(2), 175-195. doi:10.1111/1467-9760.00148
Vergeer, M. y Hermans, L. (2013). Campaigning on Twitter: Microblogging and online social networking as campaign tools in the 2010 general elections in the Netherlands. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 399-419. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12023
Waisbord, S. (2015). Diversidad, diferencia, tolerancia. Revisando utopías democráticas a la luz de la comunicación digital. En A. Rojas (Presidencia), Convergencias comunicativas. Mutaciones de la cultura y del poder. Conferencia Magistral del XV Encuentro Latinoamericano de Facultades de Comunicación Social, Medellín, Colombia.
Wilhelm, A. G. (2000). Democracy in the digital age: Challenges to political life in cyberspace. Nueva York: Routledge.
Zamora, R. y Zurutuza, C. (2014). Campaigning on Twitter: Towards the 'Personal Style'' campaign to activate the political engagement during the 2011 spanish general elections. Communication y Society, 27(1), 83-106.