Vol 6, No 12 (2003)

This paper is divided into two major chapters.
I. Globalization. Topics studied here:
1. Generalities of the concept.
2. People generally addresses the subject as a simple notion of common sense.
3. Actions and functions of transnational enterprises (ETN), the axis around which globalization circles and how they have constituted into the globalizing element par excellence.
4. The concept of Globalization and International Politics. This concept is approached with the arguments in the books of the Portuguese Professor, Boaventura de Sousa Santos, and the English theoretician, Anthony Giddens.
The concept would be comprehensive of: globalized localism; localized globalism; cosmopolitanism, and the common heritage of humanity.
II. Protectionism and Free Trade. This chapter gives ñame to the paper. In it, the organic composition of capital according to the vulgar economical theory and the organic composition of capital in the classical theory are studied in a comparative manner. The analysis of the so-called open economy or free trade can tell us how detrimental it can be for the peripheral economies. It studies the affectation of the agricultural factors, raw materials, and industrial products,
III. A Brief histórica! recount of protectionism versus Free Trade. In this last chapter, the historical applicability of the afore-studied notions and concepts are expounded.

During the first years of the decade of ochentas, one began to know a subject that revolutionary the companies at world-wide level, the subject to which I talk about is not other that famous (EVA) the Economic Value Added. That translated the Spanish it is Added Economic Value , this indicator that has been used by companies of world-wide stature as IBM, T&T, and TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, among others, is not another thing that an integral system of financial administration and its remuneration based on incentives and which consists of finding the yield of a company after discounting the taxes and reducing the cost to him of all the invested capital, to generate that yield (Cost of the Debt plus the Cost of the Capital corresponding to stock.) But as it is managed to add Value to the companies, although it seems incredible the only thing that one is due to do in carrying out a Management Based on Value .

These comments pretend to indícate that, nowadays in this uncertain and turbulent world of business and of the enterprises that nourish it, it is not a condition enough to have some values coming from a mining and a trading culture, which is pertinent in a parochial economy, but rather it is necessary to shape the Antioquian entrepreneurs with attitudes based on the ethics of commitment (not on the cieating of the counterpart), on the discipline which thinking gives out on the long run (and not on the immediate easy profit), on planning (and not on improvising), on trust (and not on the non-fulfillment of the acquired commitments).

Logically, it is important to be smart and have zeal for business, not in the individualistic way –so common among our people–, but rather to leam how to work in a team in order to upfront internatiDnal business rivals, who live with discipline, knowledge and planning routines.

It is about seeking the quality of our products in order to gradually come out of the agricultural economy and transit with greater paces towards the industries; but ñor committing the mistake of staying in the generation of the kind of enterprises with very reduced complexity, producing very elemental typological consumption ends (brooms, brown-sugar loaves, fried dough, etc.).

In this task of transforming, in which the Antioquian Ethcs is to be changed, the State should play a main role setting clear rules and precise demands.

In Colombia, although for over a decade already, debates continué over the effects of open economy as a strategy that has influenced the country–s productive structure, the lack of knowledge on its advantages and disadvantages, as an industrial strategy enhancing competition ; is undeniable.

This article, which seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the structure and organization of markets, as well as the strategic behavior of the involved agents, consists of three parts. The first one addresses the theoretical issues enclosed around the research over the enterprise mobility, its determinants, the ways to entering a market, and industrial concentration; while in the second part, an approach to the Colombian case of enterprise mobility is carried out, for each one of the industrial classes, and its influence on generating employment. Finally, the most relevant conclusions of this paper are synthesized.

Con esta sección, la revista Semestre Económico desea entregar a sus lectores un espacio informativo donde se consignen apartes del pensamiento económico y sus aportes a esta disciplina, teniendo en cuenta el momento y los contextos donde cambios estructurales se han dado, para que tales trabajos hayan contribuido al desarrollo de la Economía.

Inicialmente, se ha pensado en quienes han trabajado desde la década de los sesenta, cuyos planteamientos se han perfilado a la solución de algunos problemas económicos que generalmente han brillado por su carácter teórico, técnico, de formalización matemática de modelos y, últimamente, por atención a la parte social. Son, en resumidas cuentas, aquellos trabajos que se identifican con los Premios Nobel de Economía.