FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRESS IN COLOMBIA: DESCRIPTIVE AND CAUSAL EVIDENCE
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study analyzes the relationship between financial development and socioeconomic progress in Colombia using a combined descriptive and causal analysis approach at both the national and departmental levels. Financial development is measured through credit to the private sector as a percentage of GDP, while socioeconomic well-being is assessed through GDP, the Gini index, the poverty incidence rate, and, as a robustness exercise, the Human Development Index (HDI). The sample covers the period 1960-2022 for the national level and 2006-2024 for the departmental level. For the causal analysis, the Granger causality test is applied following the methodology proposed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) for panel data. The descriptive results indicate linear and favorable associations between financial development and the main welfare indicators, except for the Gini index, whose relationship appears to be nonlinear. In terms of causality, the results show that at the national level the growth-led finance hypothesis prevails, whereas at the departmental level the finance-led growth hypothesis dominates. The analysis with the HDI confirms the robustness of these findings.
Article Details
How to Cite
References
Akinci, G., Akinci, M., y Yilmaz, Ö. (2014). Financial Development-Economic Growth Nexus: A Panel Data Analysis Upon OECD Countries. Hitotsubashi Journal of Economics, 55(1), 33-50. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43296269
Asghar, N., y Hussain, Z. (2014). Financial Development, Trade Openness and Economic Growth in Developing Countries: Recent Evidence from Panel Data. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 52(2), 99-126. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24398853
Banco Mundial. (s. f.). Datos de libre acceso del Banco Mundial. Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://datos.bancomundial.org/
Bist, J. (2018). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from a Panel of 16 African and Non-African Low-Income Countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1449780
Blanco, L. (2009). The Finance–Growth Link in Latin America. School of Public Policy Working Papers N.o 31.
Braun, M., Parro, F., y Valenzuela, P. (2018). Financial development and growth in the short and long run. Working Paper. Central Bank of Chile.
Calderón, C., y Liu, L. (2002). The Direction of Causality Between Financial Development and Economic Growth. Working Papers Central Bank of Chile N.o 184.
Catur, S., y Zefania, Y. (2020). The effect of financial deepening on economic growth, and poverty: evidence from 73 countries. South East European Journal of Economics and Business, 15(2), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2020-0012
Cholette, P. (1984). Adjusting Sub-Annual Series to Yearly Benchmarks. Survey Methodology, 10(1), 35-49.
Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL). (1997). La medición de la pobreza: concepto y método. Santiago de Chile: CEPAL - ILPES.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. (2005). Índice de Calidad de Vida: Metodología y resultados. Bogotá: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Recuperado de https://www.dane.gov.co.
Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística. (s. f.). Estadísticas por tema. Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema
Donou-Adonsou, F., y Sylwester, K. (2016). Financial development and poverty reduction in developing countries: new evidence from banks and microfinance institutions. Review of Development Finance, 6(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rdf.2016.06.002
Dumitrescu, E., y Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger Non-causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
Epstein, G. (Ed.). (2005). Financialization and the world economy. Edward Elgar Publishing.
Fasianos, A., Guevara, D., y Pierros, C. (2018). Have we been here before? Phases of financialization within the twentieth century in the US. Review of Keynesian Economics, 6(1), 34-61. https://doi.org/10.4337/roke.2018.01.03
Freeman, R. (2010). It’s financialization! International Labor Review, 149(2), 163-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1564-913X.2010.00082.x
Gantiva, D., Reina, F., y Rincón, C. (2024). Desempeño económico y financiero regional: un análisis de econometría espacial para 2022. En J. López, y J. Malagón (Ed.), Rebancarización, crédito y desarrollo financiero (p. 193-222).
Giraldo, C. (2012). La financiarización en Latinoamérica como nuevo orden social y político. En L. Alonso, C. Férnandez, y Catarata (Ed.), La financiarización de las relaciones salariales (p. 298-346).
Global Data Lab. (s. f.). Subnational Human Development Index (SHDI). Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/
Greenwood, J., y Jovanovic, B. (1990). Financial development, growth, and the distribution of income. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5, part 1), 1076-1107.
Guevara, D. (2015). Auge de las finanzas y desigualdad en la distribución del ingreso. Un estudio desde la perspectiva de la financiarización para Colombia 1980-2008. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Guillaumont, S., y Kpodar, K. (2008). Financial development and poverty reduction: can there be a benefit without a cost? IMF Working Paper, 1-38.
Haan, J., Pleninger, R., y Sturm, J.‑E. (2021). Does financial development reduce the poverty gap? Social Indicators Research, 161(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-021-02705-8
Huber, E., Petrova, B., y Stephens, J. D. (2020). Financialization, labor market institutions and inequality. Review of International Political Economy, 29(2), 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2020.1808046
Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and Growth: Granger Causality Analysis on OECD Countries with a Panel Data Approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992.
Levine, R. (1997). Financial development and economic growth: views and agenda. Journal of Economic Literature, 35(2), 688-726.
Lind, N. (2019). A development of the Human Development Index. Social Indicators Research 146(3), 409-423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02133-9
Malagón, J., y Narváez, A. (2024). Progresividad de la profundización financiera: una aplicación del enfoque ARDL para el caso colombiano. En J. López, y J. Malagón (Ed.), Rebancarización, crédito y desarrollo financiero (p. 223-259).
Malagón, J. (2025). Discurso de clausura 59ª Convención Bancaria: equidad procrecimiento. Banca y Economía, N.o 1476.
McKinnon, R. I. (1973). Money and Capital in Economic Development. Brookings Institution.
Nguyen, H., Thai-Thuong, L., Ho, C., et al. (2022). Does Financial Development Matter for Economic Growth in the Emerging Markets? Borsa Istanbul Review, 22(4), 688-698.
Nikoloski, Z. (2012). Financial sector development and inequality: is there a financial Kuznets curve? Journal of International Development, 25(7), 897-911. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2843Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Ocampo, J. A. (2021). Una Historia del Sistema Financiero Colombiano 1870-2021. Asobancaria y Bancoldex.
Ochoa, V., Romero, D., y Acero, L. (2023). Desarrollo territorial y profundización financiera. Banca y Economía, N.o 1369.
Omar, M. A., e Inaba, K. (2020). Does financial inclusion reduce poverty and income inequality in developing countries? A panel data analysis. Journal of Economic Structures, 9(1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-020-00214-4
Ossa, N. (2021). ¿Cuál es la profundidad óptima de la cartera y la estabilidad correspondiente en Colombia?: basado en la creación de una frontera de posibilidades financiera. Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
Padilla, H. A., y Zanello, L. D. (2013). Relación entre penetración financiera y crecimiento económico. El caso colombiano en el periodo 2001-2010. Revista de Economía del Caribe, 11, 35-61.
Park, C. Y., y Mercado, R. (2015). Financial inclusion, poverty, and income inequality in developing Asia. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, N.o 426.
Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. (s. f.). Human Development Index (HDI) Data Center. Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index
Quevedo Vega, C. (2009). Impacto social del desarrollo financiero a nivel departamental. Universidad de los Andes.
Rey, M., Ruiz, C. y Lacouture, D. (2017). Nivel óptimo de profundización financiera en Colombia. En C. Tamayo, y J. Malagón (Ed.), Ensayos Sobre Inclusión Financiera en Colombia (p. 71-114).
Robinson, J. (1952). The Generalisation of the General Theory in the Rate of Interest and Other Essays. Macmillan Press.
Schumpeter, J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. Harvard University Press.
Superintendencia Financiera de Colombia. (s. f.). Informes y cifras: Cifras de establecimientos de crédito. Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://www.superfinanciera.gov.co/publicaciones/60767/informes-y-cifrascifrasestablecimientos-de-credito-60767/
Sharma, R., y Bardhan, S. (2018). Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: Evidence from Bootstrap Panel Granger Causality Test. Journal of Economic Development, 43(3), 57-83.
UNU-WIDER. (s. f.). World Income Inequality Database (WIID). Recuperado el 10 de febrero de 2026, de https://www4.wider.unu.edu/
Vélez, M. y Ramírez, A. (2023). De los ODS a los OFS. Banca & Economía, N.o 1402.
