Vol 6, No 11 (2003)

In 1990, the country adopted a new economical model and the Colombian economy suffered a series of transformations that substantially modified the diverse institutional forms and their mode of regulation. The salary regimen was the most effected with the deregulation that the new labor norm introduced. In effect, law 50/90 allowed a broad flexibility in the labor field where aspects such as subcontracting, informality, high temporality and the collective agreements, different from collective negotiations, prime first in labor relationships. The change in labor legislation was the adapting of the norm to the demands of the new economical paradigm and with it, attracting investment and employment.

Today, over ten years after modifying labor legislation, high unemployment overwhelms the country and millions of Colombians; subemployment is over 30% and informality is around 60%. In order to halt and reduce this tendency again, the flexibility of labor norm is expounded, amidst a sharp internal crisis in the demand in the Colombian economy (low consumption), therefore the effectiveness of such a measure is questionable as a part of an employment generating policy.

The diverse proposals of labor reforms in the country have been interceded by simplism and the narrowness of vision, since flexibility does not imply precariousness; but reforms have dealt more with this latter second term, since what is sought after with flexibility is a reduction of salaries and of stability in a context of progressive dismounting of the few social protection policies that exist in the country.

Administration, as a field of knowledge, has dedicated its efforts into producing theories. aproaches and techniques that open way to the development of rationality, foreseen by the ruling economical systems, with which it has contributed to the establishment of iniquitous inequalities and to the destruction of nature.

Resolving the problem of how to administrate has led into finding solutions that seek effi-ciency in the cost-benefit relatinship for the satisfaction of private investors, failing to rec-ognize its social and ecological impacts.

Schools and experts who produce theories of administration should occupy themselves in designing organizational models that would incorpórate new concepts and new structures of costs to the economical system, which in-clude cooperation and ecology along with the concept of competition.

Daily, domestic and industrial activities unload, into the bodies of water, substances of múltiple natures and diverse characteristics which produce harm to communities, to the ecosystems and alter production and consumption systems. As a solution to this problem, the economical instruments are expounded as a viable cost-effective solution to produce the decontamination longed for by the community at the least cost possible. In Colombian, the use of this kind of instruments is restated with Decree 901 of April, 1997, which regulates the use of the Retributive Rate.

This paper exposes the theoretical and legal foundation of the retributive rate as an economical interest to mitígate the problem of water contamination. Furthermore, it presents the experience of its application on an international level. On the other hand, it describes the process of implementation that has been put forwards in Colombia by the environmental entities, making an emphasis on the institutional developments required for the implementing of payment charges in the respective jurisdictions. Finally, a case study is expounded, taking the Regional Autonomous Corporation, CORNARE, in order to evalúate the environmental and the economical efficiency and the institutional strengthening accomplished after five years of applying the charge of Retributive Rates in the Oriente Antioqueño.

Once formulated the on the subject of abducting "Method" as means of concomitant, effective and productive learning inside and outside of the classroom, we wonder firmly what is an abducting inference. The reply reacts immediately toward the affirmation of Pierce that "t is a provisional adoption of an explanatory hypothesis".

Taking this affirmation as a starting point, the abduction can be easily the basis of interpretation, generation and inventiveness of codes in certain context of comprehension, it helps invaluable to start making incursions with an eagle's inquiring gaze, with imagination, with hypothetical suspicious observation.