The problems of environmental immigrants and private sponsorship of refugees

Main Article Content

David Fernando Santiago Villena del Carpio
Danielle Annoni

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to analyze the policy of Private Sponsorship of Refugees, which is shown as an alternative to face massive refugee flows. The Private Sponsorship of Refugees, which was born in Canada in the 1970s, is based on the involvement of the private sector, not restricted to business but to society as a whole, which assumes sponsorship, or responsibility for financially assisting asylum seekers seeking refuge in the host State, raising awareness of the plight and reality faced by asylum seekers in the local society. In this sense, this article will analyze how Private Sponsorship of Refugees can provide a rapid response to the flow of environmental displaced persons, since they are not embedded in the definition of refugees in international law.


How to Cite
Villena del Carpio, D. F. S., & Annoni, D. (2018). The problems of environmental immigrants and private sponsorship of refugees. Opinión Jurídica, 16(32), 75–95. https://doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v16n32a3

Article Details

References

Ager, A. y Strang, A. (2008). Understanding Integration: A Conceptual Framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21 (2), 166-191.

Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. La situación de los Refugiados en el mundo: desplazamientos humanos en el nuevo milenio. Recuperado de http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/2012/8943

BÄ…kowski, P., Poptcheva, E-M., y Detelin, I. (2015). El desafío migratorio de la UE: posibles respuestas a la crisis de los refugiados, Servicio de Estudios del Parlamento Europeo, 2015. Recuperado de [Verificado 9-11-2015].

Bogardi, Janos; Renaud, Fabrice; Dun, Olivia; Warner, Koko. Control, Adapt or Flee: how to face environmental migration? Germany: UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security. n.° 5, 2007.

Burson, Bruce. Environmentally induced displacement and the 1951 refugee convention: pathways to recognition. In AFFI, Tamer; JAGER, Jill (ed). Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability. Berlim: Springer, 2010.

Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole; Wilde, Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.

Canadian Council for Refugees. Comments on proposed elimination of Source Country Class. 2011. Recuperado de . [Verificado 14-11-2015].

Canadian Council for Refugees. Important changes in Canada’s Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. 2013. Recuperado de . [Verificado 15-10-2015].

Chapman, Ashley. Private Sponsorship and Public Policy: Political barriers to church-connected refugee resettlement in Canada. Citizens for Public Justice, 2014.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program, 2015. Recuperado de . [Verificado 13-10-2015].

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Processing times for privately sponsored refugee applications. 2015. Recuperado de . [Verificado 14-11-2015].

Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos, 1950. Recuperado de . [Verificado 11-11-2015].

Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). (2015). Acuerdo de París. Recuperado de . [Verificado 11-11-2015].

Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, 1992.

Eby, Jessica; Iverson, Erika; Smyers, Jenifer & Kekic, Erol. The Faith Community’s Role in Refugee Resettlement in the United States, Journal of Refugee Studies, v. 24, n.° 3, pp. 586-605, 2011.

Gemenne, François & Brucker, Pauline. From the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement to the Nansen Initiative: What the Governance of Environmental Migraiton Can Learn from the Governance of Internal Displacement. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 2, pp. 245-263, 2015.

Homer-Dixon, Thomas. Environment, Scarcity and Violence. Princeton University Press: Princeton, Nueva Jersey, 1999.

Immigration Act, 1976. Recuperado de . [Verificado 11-11-2015].

Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Recuperado de . [Verificado 11-11-2015].

Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227. Recuperado de . [Verificado 11-11-
2015].

International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief. 1992. Recuperado de . [Verificado 14-11-2015].

Kälin, Walter. From the Nansen Principles to the Nansen Initiative. Forced Migration Review, n.° 41, pp. 48-49, 2012.

Myers, Norman. Environmental Refugees: an emergent security issue. 13º Economic Forum. Prague, 2005. pp. 23-27.

Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, 2011. Recuperado de . [Verificado 28-2-2016].

Nishimura, Lauren. ‘Climate Change Migrants’: Impediments to a Protection Framework and the Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 1, pp. 107-134, 2015.

Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Acuerdo de París. 2015. Recuperado de . [Verificado 15-2-2016].

Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. Migración y cambio climático. Suiza, 2008.

Krivenko, Ekaterina. Hospitality and Sovereignty: What can we learn form the Canadian Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program? International Journey of Refugee Law, v. 24, n. 3, p. 579-602, 2012.

Refugee Sponsorship Training Program. Sponsoring Group Handbook: Sponsorship Agreement Holders & their Constituent Groups. 2005a. Recuperado de . [Verificado 14-10-2015].

Refugee Sponsorship Training Program. Sponsoring Group Handbook: Groups of Five. 2005b. Recuperado de . [Verificado 14-10-2015].

Scott, Matthew. Natural disasters, climate change and non-refoulement: What Scope for Resisting Expulsion under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights? International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 26, n.° 3, pp. 404-432, 2014.

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Terminología sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. Ginebra, 2009.

United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2015 disasters in numbers. Ginebra, 2016. Recuperado de nfographic.pdf>. [Verificado 26-2-2016].

Voegeli, Sarah. Canadian Sponsorship of Refugees Program Reform: A Limit on Canadians’ Generosity. 2014. Recuperado de . [Verificado 15-10-2015].

Westra, Laura. Environmental Justice and the Rights of Ecological Refugees. London: Earthscan, 2009.
Author Biographies

David Fernando Santiago Villena del Carpio, Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina

Graduado en Derecho por la Universidad Católica San Pablo (Perú). Máster en Derecho y Relaciones Internacionales por la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC, Brasil). Doctorando en Derecho por la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC, Brasil). Miembro del Grupo de Estudios Observatório de Direitos Humanos. Membro del Grupo de Estudios Núcleo de Pesquisas e Extensão sobre as Organizações Internacionais e a promoção da Paz, dos Direitos Humanos e da Integração Regional (Eirenè). Correo electrónico: fer.vdelc@gmail.com

Danielle Annoni, Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina

Profesora de Derecho Internacional y Derechos Humanos en la Universidad Federal de Paraná. Doctora en Derecho Internacional por la Universidad Federal de Santa Catarina. Líder del Grupo de Estudios Observatório de Direitos Humanos vinculado al Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq). Líder del Grupo de Estudios Direitos Humanos nas Relações Internacionais vinculado al CNPq. Investigadora del proyecto de investigación 'Direito internacional dos refugiados e o Brasil: um estudo dos direitos reconhecidos pelo Brasil aos refugiados e como se dá o acesso à justiça em caso de violação', financiado por el CNPq-MCTI/CNPq/Universal 14/2014. Responsable de la Cátedra 'Sérgio Vieira de Mello' por la UFSC. Correo electrónico: danielle.annoni@gmail.com

Most read articles by the same author(s)