La problemática de los inmigrantes ambientales y el patrocinio privado de refugiados
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- Enviado: abril 7, 2016
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Publicado: enero 22, 2018
Resumen
El presente artículo tiene por objetivo analizar la política del Patrocinio Privado de Refugiados (Private Sponsorship of Refugees, en inglés), el cual se muestra como una alternativa para hacer frente a los flujos masivos de refugiados. El Patrocinio Privado de Refugiados, que nació en Canadá en la década de 1970, se basa en la participación del sector privado, no restricto a las empresas, sino también a la sociedad en general, la cual asume el patrocinio, o la responsabilidad de ayudar financieramente, a los solicitantes de refugio que desean refugiarse en el Estado de destino, concienciando a la sociedad local sobre los sufrimientos y la realidad que enfrentan los solicitantes de refugio. En este sentido, el presente artículo analizará como el Patrocinio Privado de Refugiados puede dar una respuesta rápida frente al flujo de desplazados ambientales, dado que ellos no están encajados en la definición de refugiados en el derecho internacional.
Referencias
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Bąkowski, P., Poptcheva, E-M., y Detelin, I. (2015). El desafío migratorio de la UE: posibles respuestas a la crisis de los refugiados, Servicio de Estudios del Parlamento Europeo, 2015. Recuperado de [Verificado 9-11-2015].
Bogardi, Janos; Renaud, Fabrice; Dun, Olivia; Warner, Koko. Control, Adapt or Flee: how to face environmental migration? Germany: UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security. n.° 5, 2007.
Burson, Bruce. Environmentally induced displacement and the 1951 refugee convention: pathways to recognition. In AFFI, Tamer; JAGER, Jill (ed). Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability. Berlim: Springer, 2010.
Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole; Wilde, Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
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Chapman, Ashley. Private Sponsorship and Public Policy: Political barriers to church-connected refugee resettlement in Canada. Citizens for Public Justice, 2014.
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Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, 1992.
Eby, Jessica; Iverson, Erika; Smyers, Jenifer & Kekic, Erol. The Faith Community’s Role in Refugee Resettlement in the United States, Journal of Refugee Studies, v. 24, n.° 3, pp. 586-605, 2011.
Gemenne, François & Brucker, Pauline. From the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement to the Nansen Initiative: What the Governance of Environmental Migraiton Can Learn from the Governance of Internal Displacement. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 2, pp. 245-263, 2015.
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Kälin, Walter. From the Nansen Principles to the Nansen Initiative. Forced Migration Review, n.° 41, pp. 48-49, 2012.
Myers, Norman. Environmental Refugees: an emergent security issue. 13º Economic Forum. Prague, 2005. pp. 23-27.
Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, 2011. Recuperado de. [Verificado 28-2-2016].
Nishimura, Lauren. ‘Climate Change Migrants’: Impediments to a Protection Framework and the Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 1, pp. 107-134, 2015.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Acuerdo de París. 2015. Recuperado de. [Verificado 15-2-2016].
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. Migración y cambio climático. Suiza, 2008.
Krivenko, Ekaterina. Hospitality and Sovereignty: What can we learn form the Canadian Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program? International Journey of Refugee Law, v. 24, n. 3, p. 579-602, 2012.
Refugee Sponsorship Training Program. Sponsoring Group Handbook: Sponsorship Agreement Holders & their Constituent Groups. 2005a. Recuperado de. [Verificado 14-10-2015].
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Scott, Matthew. Natural disasters, climate change and non-refoulement: What Scope for Resisting Expulsion under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights? International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 26, n.° 3, pp. 404-432, 2014.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Terminología sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. Ginebra, 2009.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2015 disasters in numbers. Ginebra, 2016. Recuperado de
Voegeli, Sarah. Canadian Sponsorship of Refugees Program Reform: A Limit on Canadians’ Generosity. 2014. Recuperado de. [Verificado 15-10-2015].
Westra, Laura. Environmental Justice and the Rights of Ecological Refugees. London: Earthscan, 2009.
Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados. La situación de los Refugiados en el mundo: desplazamientos humanos en el nuevo milenio. Recuperado de http://www.acnur.org/fileadmin/scripts/doc.php?file=fileadmin/Documentos/Publicaciones/2012/8943
Bąkowski, P., Poptcheva, E-M., y Detelin, I. (2015). El desafío migratorio de la UE: posibles respuestas a la crisis de los refugiados, Servicio de Estudios del Parlamento Europeo, 2015. Recuperado de
Bogardi, Janos; Renaud, Fabrice; Dun, Olivia; Warner, Koko. Control, Adapt or Flee: how to face environmental migration? Germany: UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security. n.° 5, 2007.
Burson, Bruce. Environmentally induced displacement and the 1951 refugee convention: pathways to recognition. In AFFI, Tamer; JAGER, Jill (ed). Environment, Forced Migration and Social Vulnerability. Berlim: Springer, 2010.
Buzan, Barry; Wæver, Ole; Wilde, Jaap de. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998.
Canadian Council for Refugees. Comments on proposed elimination of Source Country Class. 2011. Recuperado de
Canadian Council for Refugees. Important changes in Canada’s Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program. 2013. Recuperado de
Chapman, Ashley. Private Sponsorship and Public Policy: Political barriers to church-connected refugee resettlement in Canada. Citizens for Public Justice, 2014.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program, 2015. Recuperado de
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Processing times for privately sponsored refugee applications. 2015. Recuperado de
Convención Europea de Derechos Humanos, 1950. Recuperado de
Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático (CMNUCC). (2015). Acuerdo de París. Recuperado de
Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático, 1992.
Eby, Jessica; Iverson, Erika; Smyers, Jenifer & Kekic, Erol. The Faith Community’s Role in Refugee Resettlement in the United States, Journal of Refugee Studies, v. 24, n.° 3, pp. 586-605, 2011.
Gemenne, François & Brucker, Pauline. From the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement to the Nansen Initiative: What the Governance of Environmental Migraiton Can Learn from the Governance of Internal Displacement. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 2, pp. 245-263, 2015.
Homer-Dixon, Thomas. Environment, Scarcity and Violence. Princeton University Press: Princeton, Nueva Jersey, 1999.
Immigration Act, 1976. Recuperado de
Immigration and Refugee Protection Act. Recuperado de
Immigration and Refugee Protection Regulations, SOR/2002-227. Recuperado de
2015].
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief. 1992. Recuperado de
Kälin, Walter. From the Nansen Principles to the Nansen Initiative. Forced Migration Review, n.° 41, pp. 48-49, 2012.
Myers, Norman. Environmental Refugees: an emergent security issue. 13º Economic Forum. Prague, 2005. pp. 23-27.
Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, 2011. Recuperado de
Nishimura, Lauren. ‘Climate Change Migrants’: Impediments to a Protection Framework and the Need to Incorporate Migration into Climate Change Adaptation Strategies. International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 27, n.° 1, pp. 107-134, 2015.
Organización de las Naciones Unidas. Acuerdo de París. 2015. Recuperado de
Organización Internacional para las Migraciones. Migración y cambio climático. Suiza, 2008.
Krivenko, Ekaterina. Hospitality and Sovereignty: What can we learn form the Canadian Private Sponsorship of Refugees Program? International Journey of Refugee Law, v. 24, n. 3, p. 579-602, 2012.
Refugee Sponsorship Training Program. Sponsoring Group Handbook: Sponsorship Agreement Holders & their Constituent Groups. 2005a. Recuperado de
Refugee Sponsorship Training Program. Sponsoring Group Handbook: Groups of Five. 2005b. Recuperado de
Scott, Matthew. Natural disasters, climate change and non-refoulement: What Scope for Resisting Expulsion under Articles 3 and 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights? International Journal of Refugee Law, v. 26, n.° 3, pp. 404-432, 2014.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. Terminología sobre Reducción del Riesgo de Desastres. Ginebra, 2009.
United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2015 disasters in numbers. Ginebra, 2016. Recuperado de
Voegeli, Sarah. Canadian Sponsorship of Refugees Program Reform: A Limit on Canadians’ Generosity. 2014. Recuperado de
Westra, Laura. Environmental Justice and the Rights of Ecological Refugees. London: Earthscan, 2009.
Cómo citar
Villena del Carpio, D. F. S., & Annoni, D. (2018). La problemática de los inmigrantes ambientales y el patrocinio privado de refugiados. Opinión Jurídica, 16(32), 75-95. https://doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v16n32a3
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