Legal Pluralism as a Theory for the Challenges on Environmental Health
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Feb 3, 2018
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Jun 30, 2019
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Abstract
This paper intends to justify the theory of legal pluralism for studying environmental health issues. The positive law approach has made some headway, although some areas of environmental health seem to be incipient. Hard law has encountered difficulties to succeed in enforcing industrial pollution or water contamination. Furthermore, national jurisdictions are prone to support particular economic interests. This conundrum of legal positivism encourages challenging it with the theory of pluralism. It is found that the latter might allow deliberation and active participation of non-state actors within environmental health. It is also discussed that the plurality of law allows certain flexibility due to its little hierarchization, the lack of theoretical rules and the relaxation of state sovereignty.
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How to Cite
Becerra Rodríguez, R. R. (2019). Legal Pluralism as a Theory for the Challenges on Environmental Health. Opinión Jurídica, 18(36), 233–256. https://doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v18n36a10
Article Details
References
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Berman, P. S. (2013). Le nouveau pluralisme juridique. Revue internationale de droit économique, XXVII(1), 229-256. doi: 10.3917/ride.259.0229
Besson, S. (2011). Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy. The European Journal of International Law, 22(2), 373-387.
Boyd, D. (2012). The right to a Healthy Environment. Revitalizing Canada’s Constitution. Vancouver: UBC Press. Retrieved from https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9095/1/9780774824125.pdf
Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Â Environmental Health, 4(6), 1-6. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-6
Hull R. B. (2008). Environmental Pluralism. En Callicot, J. B. y Frodeman, R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Ehtics and Philosophy (pp. 384-387). United States: Macmillan Reference, Gale Cengage Learning.
Cicolella, A. (2013). Toxique Planète: Le scandale invisible des maladies chroniques. Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil.
Departamento Nacional de Planeación (2008). Documento Conpes 3550. Lineamientos para la formulación de la política integral de salud ambiental con énfasis en los componentes de aire, calidad de agua y seguridad química. Retrieved from: http://www.minambiente.gov.co.
Dilwyn, A. (2015). Legal pluralism and Human Rights in the idea of Climate Justice. Oslo Law Review, (3), 200-224. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/oslaw2766
Dunn, R. (2012). In retrospect: Silent Spring. Nature 485, 578-579. doi: 10.1038/485578a
Gauthier-Clerc, M. & Thomas, F. (2010). Écologie de la Santé et biodiversité. Brussels: Éditions De Boeck.
Gawel, A. (2017). Pollution is a silent killer. Here’s how we can stop it. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/pollution-how-to-stop-the-silent-killer/.
Gruby R, Campbell L, Fairbanks L y Gray N. (2017). To succeed, Large Ocean Sanctuaries Need to Benefit Both Sea Life and People. Santa Cruz, California, United States: Island Conservation. Retrieved from: https://www.islandconservation.org/ocean-sanctuaries-benefit-palau-people/
Griffiths, J. Â (1986). What is Legal Pluralism? The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 18 (24). 1-55. doi: 10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387
Harrison, J. (2006). Significant International Environmental Law Cases. Journal of Environmental Law, 18 (3), 505-516.
Hertogh, M. (2007). What is Non-State Law? Mapping the Other Hemisphere of the Legal World. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1008451
Hsiao, E. (2012). Whanganui River Agreement –Indigenous Right and Rights of Nature-. Environmental Policy and Law 42(6), 371-375.
Idechong, N. (n. d.). Micronesian Sea Traditions-Palau’s Marine Protected Areas. United States: United Nations. Retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/documents/7abstract_idechong.pdf
Institute of Medicine. (2007). Global Environmental Health in the 21st Century: From Governmental Regulation to Corporate Social Responsibility: Workshop Summary. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11833.
Jackson, S. (2005). Legal pluralism and the Nation State: Romantic Medievalism or Pragmatic Modernity. Fordham International Law Journal, 30(1), 158-176.
Johannes, R. E. (1978). Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and their Demise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9, 349-364.
Kelsen, H. (1962) Théorie pure du droit. Traduction française de la 2e édition de la «Reine Rechtslehre» par Charles Eisenmann. Paris: Dalloz.
Koivurova, T. (2014) Introduction to international environmental law. New York: Routledge.
Kothari, A., Margil, M. & Bajpai, S. (2017). Now rivers have the same legal status as people, we must uphold their rights. London: The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/21/rivers-legal-human-rights-ganges-whanganui
Landringan P., Fuller R. Acosta N., Adeyi O., Arnold R., Basu N., …. Zhong M. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018, 391, 462-512. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(17)32345-0.pdf.
Maguire, R., Lewis, B. & Sampford, C. (2013). Shifting global powers and International Law. Challenges and Opportunities. London and New York: Routledge.
Mc Arthur, J. (2013). International Environmental Law: Can it overcome its Weaknesses to Create an Effective Remedy for Global Warming? Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 10(2), 253-282.
McGuire, Ch. J. (2014). Environmental Law from the Policy Perspective: Understanding How Legal Frameworks Influence Environmental Problem Solving. Boca Raton, United States: CRC Press.
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal Pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869-896.
Menski, W. (2006). Comparative law in a global context: the legal systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health. Cambridge, United States: Harvard University Press.
Mol, A. P. J. (2016). The environment nation state in decline. Environmental Politics, 25 (1), 48-68. doi : 10.1080/09644016.2015.1074385
Morrison, D. & Tyree, C. (2017). Invisibles. El plástico dentro de nosotros. Washington: Orb Media. Retrieved from: https://orbmedia.org/stories/El_pl%C3%A1stico/data
Ozone Secretariat, (2015). Montreal Protocol- Achievements to date and challenges ahead. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. Retrieved from: http://42functions.net/en/MP_achievements_challenges.php.
Perez, O. (2004). Ecological sensitivity and global legal pluralism. Rethinking the Trade and Environment Conflict. Oxford and Portland: Hart Publishing.
Pomade, A. (2012). Penser l’interdisciplinarité par l’internormativité. Illustration en droit de l’environnement. Revue Interdisciplinaire d’études juridiques, 68 (1), 85-106.
Pring, G. & Pring, K. (2016). Environmental Courts & Tribunals: A guide for policy makers. United States: Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide. Retrieved from: https://www.elaw.org/environmental-courts-tribunals-guide-policy-makers-unep
Rae, I. & Gabriel, A. (2012). Saving the ozone layer: why the Montreal Protocol worked. Melbourne, Australia. The Conversation. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/saving-the-ozone-layer-why-the-montreal-protocol-worked-9249
Rahim, M. (2013). Legal Regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Meta- Regulation Approach of Law for Raising CSR in a Weak Economy. New York, United States: Springer.
Richardson, B. J. (2008). The Ties that Bind: Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Governance. Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy, 4(5), 1-47. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/clpe/197
Rodríguez, G. A. (2014). El Sistema Nacional Ambiental quedó reducido a una utopía. La Silla Vacía. Retrieved from: https://lasillavacia.com/elblogueo/blog/el-sistema-nacional-ambiental-quedo-reducido-una-utopia-47232
Rouland, N. (1994). Legal Anthropology. London: A&C Black.
Sievers, J. M. (2015). A Philosophical Reading of Legal Positivism. (tesis de doctorado). Lille: Université de Lille 3.
Tamanaha, B. (2008). Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global. Sydney Law Review, 30(3), 374-411.
Tamanaha, B. (1993). The folly of the 'social scientific’ concept of legal pluralism. Journal of Law and Society, 20(2), 192-217.
Taylor, A. L. (2008). International Law and Public Health Policy. In Heggenhougenand, K. & Quah, S. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 3. (pp. 667-678). San Diego, United States: Academic Press. Retrieved from: http://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/media/2008_International-Law-and-Public-Health-Policy.pdf
Techera, E. (2010). Legal Pluralism, Customary Law and Environmental Management: The Role of International Law for the South Pacific. Macquarie University Law School Legal Studies. Working Paper No. 2010-01. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1545527.
Teubner, G. (2012). Constitutional fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644674.001.0001.
Teubner, G. (1997). Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World Society. En Teubner, G. (Ed.) Global Law without a State. (pp. 3-28). Darmouth: Aldershot. Retrieved from: https://is.muni.cz/el/1422/podzim2008/MP504Z/um/Bukowina_english.pdf.
Teubner, G. (1991).  The Two Faces of Janus: Rethinking Legal Pluralism. Cardozo Law Review, 13, 1443–1462
Vanderlinden, J. (1989). Return to legal pluralism: Twenty years later. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 21(28), 149-157.
Ventsel, A. (2008). Punx and Skins United: One Law for Us One Law for Them. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 40 (57), 45-100. doi: 10.1080/07329113.2008.10756618
Vick, D. (2004). Interdisciplinarity and the Discipline of Law. Journal of Law and Society, 31 (2). 163-193.
Von Schirnding, Y., Onzivu, W. y Adede A. (2002). International environmental law and global public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80 (12), 970-974.
Weidner, H. (1997). Performance and Characteristics on German Environmental Policy. Overview and Expert Commentaries from 14 countries. Social Science Research Centre Berlin. Discussion Paper FS II 97-301. Retrieved from: https://bibliothek.wzb.eu/pdf/1997/ii97-301.pdf
World Health Organization. (2011). New WHO report : deaths form noncommunicable diseases on the rise, with developing hit hardest. New York. Retrieved from : http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2011/ncds_20110427/en/
Wijsman, K. (n.d.). State Sovereignty in a Time of global Environmental Problems: a Move towards Dynamism?' Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/14771977/State_Sovereignty_in_a_Time_of_Global_Environmental_Problems_a_Move_towards_Dynamism.
Bal, L. (2012). Le Myhte de la souveraineté en Droit International. La souveraineté des États à l’Épreuve des mutations de l’ordre juridique international. (tesis de doctorado). Strasbourg, France: University of Strasbourg.
Berman, P. S. (2013). Le nouveau pluralisme juridique. Revue internationale de droit économique, XXVII(1), 229-256. doi: 10.3917/ride.259.0229
Besson, S. (2011). Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy. The European Journal of International Law, 22(2), 373-387.
Boyd, D. (2012). The right to a Healthy Environment. Revitalizing Canada’s Constitution. Vancouver: UBC Press. Retrieved from https://www.ubcpress.ca/asset/9095/1/9780774824125.pdf
Broughton, E. (2005). The Bhopal disaster and its aftermath: a review. Â Environmental Health, 4(6), 1-6. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-4-6
Hull R. B. (2008). Environmental Pluralism. En Callicot, J. B. y Frodeman, R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Ehtics and Philosophy (pp. 384-387). United States: Macmillan Reference, Gale Cengage Learning.
Cicolella, A. (2013). Toxique Planète: Le scandale invisible des maladies chroniques. Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil.
Departamento Nacional de Planeación (2008). Documento Conpes 3550. Lineamientos para la formulación de la política integral de salud ambiental con énfasis en los componentes de aire, calidad de agua y seguridad química. Retrieved from: http://www.minambiente.gov.co.
Dilwyn, A. (2015). Legal pluralism and Human Rights in the idea of Climate Justice. Oslo Law Review, (3), 200-224. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/oslaw2766
Dunn, R. (2012). In retrospect: Silent Spring. Nature 485, 578-579. doi: 10.1038/485578a
Gauthier-Clerc, M. & Thomas, F. (2010). Écologie de la Santé et biodiversité. Brussels: Éditions De Boeck.
Gawel, A. (2017). Pollution is a silent killer. Here’s how we can stop it. Geneva: World Economic Forum. Retrieved from: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/11/pollution-how-to-stop-the-silent-killer/.
Gruby R, Campbell L, Fairbanks L y Gray N. (2017). To succeed, Large Ocean Sanctuaries Need to Benefit Both Sea Life and People. Santa Cruz, California, United States: Island Conservation. Retrieved from: https://www.islandconservation.org/ocean-sanctuaries-benefit-palau-people/
Griffiths, J. Â (1986). What is Legal Pluralism? The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 18 (24). 1-55. doi: 10.1080/07329113.1986.10756387
Harrison, J. (2006). Significant International Environmental Law Cases. Journal of Environmental Law, 18 (3), 505-516.
Hertogh, M. (2007). What is Non-State Law? Mapping the Other Hemisphere of the Legal World. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1008451
Hsiao, E. (2012). Whanganui River Agreement –Indigenous Right and Rights of Nature-. Environmental Policy and Law 42(6), 371-375.
Idechong, N. (n. d.). Micronesian Sea Traditions-Palau’s Marine Protected Areas. United States: United Nations. Retrieved from:
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/consultative_process/documents/7abstract_idechong.pdf
Institute of Medicine. (2007). Global Environmental Health in the 21st Century: From Governmental Regulation to Corporate Social Responsibility: Workshop Summary. doi: https://doi.org/10.17226/11833.
Jackson, S. (2005). Legal pluralism and the Nation State: Romantic Medievalism or Pragmatic Modernity. Fordham International Law Journal, 30(1), 158-176.
Johannes, R. E. (1978). Traditional Marine Conservation Methods in Oceania and their Demise. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 9, 349-364.
Kelsen, H. (1962) Théorie pure du droit. Traduction française de la 2e édition de la «Reine Rechtslehre» par Charles Eisenmann. Paris: Dalloz.
Koivurova, T. (2014) Introduction to international environmental law. New York: Routledge.
Kothari, A., Margil, M. & Bajpai, S. (2017). Now rivers have the same legal status as people, we must uphold their rights. London: The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/21/rivers-legal-human-rights-ganges-whanganui
Landringan P., Fuller R. Acosta N., Adeyi O., Arnold R., Basu N., …. Zhong M. (2018). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 2018, 391, 462-512. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(17)32345-0.pdf.
Maguire, R., Lewis, B. & Sampford, C. (2013). Shifting global powers and International Law. Challenges and Opportunities. London and New York: Routledge.
Mc Arthur, J. (2013). International Environmental Law: Can it overcome its Weaknesses to Create an Effective Remedy for Global Warming? Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 10(2), 253-282.
McGuire, Ch. J. (2014). Environmental Law from the Policy Perspective: Understanding How Legal Frameworks Influence Environmental Problem Solving. Boca Raton, United States: CRC Press.
Merry, S. E. (1988). Legal Pluralism. Law & Society Review, 22(5), 869-896.
Menski, W. (2006). Comparative law in a global context: the legal systems of Asia and Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Moeller, D.W. (2011). Environmental Health. Cambridge, United States: Harvard University Press.
Mol, A. P. J. (2016). The environment nation state in decline. Environmental Politics, 25 (1), 48-68. doi : 10.1080/09644016.2015.1074385
Morrison, D. & Tyree, C. (2017). Invisibles. El plástico dentro de nosotros. Washington: Orb Media. Retrieved from: https://orbmedia.org/stories/El_pl%C3%A1stico/data
Ozone Secretariat, (2015). Montreal Protocol- Achievements to date and challenges ahead. Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP. Retrieved from: http://42functions.net/en/MP_achievements_challenges.php.
Perez, O. (2004). Ecological sensitivity and global legal pluralism. Rethinking the Trade and Environment Conflict. Oxford and Portland: Hart Publishing.
Pomade, A. (2012). Penser l’interdisciplinarité par l’internormativité. Illustration en droit de l’environnement. Revue Interdisciplinaire d’études juridiques, 68 (1), 85-106.
Pring, G. & Pring, K. (2016). Environmental Courts & Tribunals: A guide for policy makers. United States: Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide. Retrieved from: https://www.elaw.org/environmental-courts-tribunals-guide-policy-makers-unep
Rae, I. & Gabriel, A. (2012). Saving the ozone layer: why the Montreal Protocol worked. Melbourne, Australia. The Conversation. Retrieved from: https://theconversation.com/saving-the-ozone-layer-why-the-montreal-protocol-worked-9249
Rahim, M. (2013). Legal Regulation of Corporate Social Responsibility: A Meta- Regulation Approach of Law for Raising CSR in a Weak Economy. New York, United States: Springer.
Richardson, B. J. (2008). The Ties that Bind: Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Governance. Comparative Research in Law & Political Economy, 4(5), 1-47. Retrieved from: http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/clpe/197
Rodríguez, G. A. (2014). El Sistema Nacional Ambiental quedó reducido a una utopía. La Silla Vacía. Retrieved from: https://lasillavacia.com/elblogueo/blog/el-sistema-nacional-ambiental-quedo-reducido-una-utopia-47232
Rouland, N. (1994). Legal Anthropology. London: A&C Black.
Sievers, J. M. (2015). A Philosophical Reading of Legal Positivism. (tesis de doctorado). Lille: Université de Lille 3.
Tamanaha, B. (2008). Understanding Legal Pluralism: Past to Present, Local to Global. Sydney Law Review, 30(3), 374-411.
Tamanaha, B. (1993). The folly of the 'social scientific’ concept of legal pluralism. Journal of Law and Society, 20(2), 192-217.
Taylor, A. L. (2008). International Law and Public Health Policy. In Heggenhougenand, K. & Quah, S. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health, 3. (pp. 667-678). San Diego, United States: Academic Press. Retrieved from: http://oneill.law.georgetown.edu/media/2008_International-Law-and-Public-Health-Policy.pdf
Techera, E. (2010). Legal Pluralism, Customary Law and Environmental Management: The Role of International Law for the South Pacific. Macquarie University Law School Legal Studies. Working Paper No. 2010-01. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1545527.
Teubner, G. (2012). Constitutional fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199644674.001.0001.
Teubner, G. (1997). Global Bukowina: Legal Pluralism in the World Society. En Teubner, G. (Ed.) Global Law without a State. (pp. 3-28). Darmouth: Aldershot. Retrieved from: https://is.muni.cz/el/1422/podzim2008/MP504Z/um/Bukowina_english.pdf.
Teubner, G. (1991).  The Two Faces of Janus: Rethinking Legal Pluralism. Cardozo Law Review, 13, 1443–1462
Vanderlinden, J. (1989). Return to legal pluralism: Twenty years later. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 21(28), 149-157.
Ventsel, A. (2008). Punx and Skins United: One Law for Us One Law for Them. The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 40 (57), 45-100. doi: 10.1080/07329113.2008.10756618
Vick, D. (2004). Interdisciplinarity and the Discipline of Law. Journal of Law and Society, 31 (2). 163-193.
Von Schirnding, Y., Onzivu, W. y Adede A. (2002). International environmental law and global public health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80 (12), 970-974.
Weidner, H. (1997). Performance and Characteristics on German Environmental Policy. Overview and Expert Commentaries from 14 countries. Social Science Research Centre Berlin. Discussion Paper FS II 97-301. Retrieved from: https://bibliothek.wzb.eu/pdf/1997/ii97-301.pdf
World Health Organization. (2011). New WHO report : deaths form noncommunicable diseases on the rise, with developing hit hardest. New York. Retrieved from : http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2011/ncds_20110427/en/
Wijsman, K. (n.d.). State Sovereignty in a Time of global Environmental Problems: a Move towards Dynamism?' Retrieved from: https://www.academia.edu/14771977/State_Sovereignty_in_a_Time_of_Global_Environmental_Problems_a_Move_towards_Dynamism.