Criminalidad, grupos armados y reinserción: perfiles y motivaciones
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Publicado: noviembre 13, 2014
Resumen
Con el fin de determinar las causas por las cuales una persona ingresa a un grupo armado ilegal en Antioquia, se revisó la literatura existente tanto en el ámbito internacional como en el nacional. La misma se contrastó con la información cuantitativa existente de los victimarios y exvictimarios en los órdenes nacional y departamental, y la información cualitativa encontrada en entrevistas a miembros de bandas criminales y en grupos focales con expertos. Un sujeto puede tener motivaciones para delinquir basadas en la coerción, los deseos individuales, los incentivos selectivos, los entornos sociales y familiares, los agravios, la falta de control social, y en unas características o rasgos personales que lo pueden hacer más propenso a realizar actividades delictivas. Su continuidad en un grupo armado dependerá de las estrategias de enganche que pueden consistir en la incriminación, las prebendas económicas, el discurso ideológico, o en amenazas. Luego de un proceso de desmovilización, otros factores como la inseguridad personal, la falta de influencia política, la ausencia de prestigio social, la inseguridad económica y otras fallas específicas del proceso de reintegración a la sociedad pueden influir en la reincidencia en actividades criminales. En Antioquia, la coerción como estrategia de reclutamiento continúa siendo utilizada; las motivaciones fundamentadas en los entornos sociales se observaron como esenciales y comunes para bandas criminales y guerrilla; los deseos individuales enfocados en el interés por una vida militar estuvieron más relacionados con la guerrilla, y los sentimientos codiciosos se asociaron más con las bandas criminales; los incentivos selectivos a través de las promesas de salario fueron propios de las bandas criminales; y por último, los agravios, que son soporte ideológico propio de la guerrilla, son también usados por las bandas criminales como estrategia de reclutamiento y de búsqueda de legitimidad en los territorios en los que buscan consolidarse
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Roldán, M. (2002). Blood and Fire: La violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953. Duke University Press, Durham.
Scott, J. C., (1976). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University, Estados Unidos.
Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R. y Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place. Criminology, 27, 27-56.
Taylor, M., 1988. Rationality and revolution. CUP.
Tezcur, G. M. (2009). When Democratization Radicalizes? The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey (SSRN Scholarly Paper N.° ID 1451562). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, Nueva York.
Theidon, K. (2007). Transitional Subjects: The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia. IJTJ 1, 66-90.
Themnér, A. (2011). Violence in Post-Conflict Societies Remarginalization, Remobilizers, and Relationships. Routledge, Nueva York.
Thoumi, F. (2010). Medellín: comunas sin comunidad. Presented at the Taller de Expertos en Seguridad, Medellín, Colombia, pp. 1-13.
Villegas de Posada, C. (2009). Motives for the Enlistment and Demobilization of Illegal Armed Combatants in Colombia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 15, 263-280.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E., y Yang, S.-M. (2012). The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and our Understanding of the Crime Problem. Oxford University Press, Oxford; Nueva York.
Wickham-Crowley, T. P. (1992). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956. Princeton University Press.
Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Akers, R. L., (2009). Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Transaction Publishers.
Bayer, C. P., Klasen, F. y Adam, H., (2007). Association of trauma and PTSD symptoms with openness to reconciliation and feelings of revenge among former Ugandan and Congolese child soldiers. JAMA 298, 555-559.
Becker, G. S. (1968). Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy 76.
Berdal, M. R., (1996). Disarmament and Demobilisation After Civil Wars: Arms, Soldiers and the Termination of Armed Conflicts. Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies.
Blattman, C. y Annan, J., (2010). The Consequences of Child Soldiering. The Review of Economics and Statistics 92, 882-898.
Blattman, C., Miguel, E., (2010). Civil War. Journal of Economic Literature 48, 3-57.
Bøås, M., Hatløy, A., (2008). Child Labour in West Africa: Different Work-Different Vulnerabilities. International Migration 46, 3-25.
Casas-Casas, A. y Guzmán-Gómez, J. (2010). The Eternal Yesterday? The Colombian Reintegration Process as Social Dilemma. Papel Político 15, 47-85.
CCDDR, (2009). The Cartagena contribution to disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration. CIDDR, Cartagena.
Collier, P., Hoeffler, A., (1998). On economic causes of civil war. Oxford economic papers 50, 563-573.
Collier, P. y Hoeffler, A. (2004). Greed and grievance in civil war. Oxford economic papers 56, 563-595.
Colombia, Tribunal Superior del Distrito Judicial de Bogotá, Sala de Justicia y Paz (2011, diciembre), Sentencia Fredy Rendón Herrera, radicación 110016000253200782701, M. P. Jiménez López, U. T., Bogotá D.C.
Davies, J. C. (1962). Toward a Theory of Revolution. American Sociological Review 27, 5.
Duncan, G. (2006). Los señores de la guerra: de paramilitares, mafiosos y autodefensas en Colombia. Bogotá: Planeta.
Duncan, G. (2010). Recomendaciones taller de expertos seguridad en Medellín. Presented at the Taller de expertos en Seguridad, Medellín, Colombia, pp. 1-8.
Gates, S. (2002). Recruitment and Allegiance The Microfoundations of Rebellion. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, 111-130.
Grossman, H. I. (2002). “Make us a king”: anarchy, predation, and the state. European Journal of Political Economy 18, 31-46.
Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why Men Rebel. Princeton University Press.
Hart, P. (1999). The IRA and its enemies violence and community in Cork, 1916-1923.
Hill, R., Taylor, G. y Temin, J. (2008). Would You Fight Again?: Understanding Liberian Excombatant Reintegration. United States Institute of Peace.
Horton, L. (1998). Peasants in arms war and peace in the mountains of Nicaragua, 1979-1994. Ohio University Center for International Studies, Athens.
Humphreys, M. y Weinstein, J.M. (2008). Who Fights? The Determinants of Participation in Civil War. American Journal of Political Science 52, 436-455.
Jennings, K. M. (2007). The Struggle to Satisfy: DDR Through the Eyes of Ex-combatants in Liberia. International Peacekeeping 14, 204-218.
Kalyvas, S. N. (2006). The Logic of Violence in Civil War, Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Nueva York.
Kalyvas, S. N. y Kocher, M.A. (2007). How “Free” is Free Riding in Civil Wars?: Violence, Insurgency, and the Collective Action Problem. World Politics 59, 177-216.
Kaplan, O. y Nussio, E. (2013). Explaining Recidivism of Ex-Combatants in Colombia (SSRN Scholarly Paper N.° ID 2350318). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, Nueva York.
Keen, D. (2000). Incentives and Disincentives for violence, in: Greed & Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars. Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder, Colo.
Mashike, L. (2007). Former combatants’involvement in crime and crime prevention: research report. Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation.
Moloney, M., MacKenzie, K., Hunt, G. y Joe-Laidler, K. (2009). The Path and Promise of Fatherhood for Gang Members. Br J Criminol 49, 305-325.
Moser, C. O. N. y McIlwaine, C. (2001). Violence in a Post-conflict Context: Urban Poor Perceptions from Guatemala. World Bank Publications.
Nilsson, A. (2005). Reintegrating ex-combatants in post-conflict societies. Sida, [Estocolmo, Sweden].
Nilsson, R. A. (2008). Dangerous Liaisons: Why Ex-Combatants Return to Violence. Cases from the Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone (dissertation).
Nussio, E. (2011). How Ex-Combatants Talk about Personal Security. Narratives of Former Paramilitaries in Colombia. Conflict, Security and Development 11, 579-606.
Nussio, E. (2012). La vida después de la desmovilización: percepciones, emociones y estrategias de exparamilitares en Colombia, Primera edición. ed, Ciencia política. Universidad de los Andes, Facultad de Ciencias Sociales CESO, Departamento de Ciencia Política, Bogotá, Colombia.
Nussio, E. y Howe, K. (2012). What if the FARC Demobilizes? Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 1.
Nussio, E. y Ugarriza, J. E. (2013). Are Insurgents Any Different from Counter insurgents? A Systematic Integration and Validation of Motivational Studies from Colombia (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. ID 2311442). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, Nueva York.
Olson, M. (1995). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass; Londres.
Paige, J. M. (1975). Agrarian Revolution: Social Movements and Export Agriculture in the Underdeveloped World. Free P.
Palacios, R. (2014). La paz no caerá del cielo, ni firmando un papelito en La Habana. Alejandro Eder. Colprensa.
Petersen, R. D. (2006). Resistance and Rebellion: Lessons from Eastern Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Nueva York.
Ribetti, M. (2009). Disengagement and Beyond: A Case Study of Demobilization in Colombia. En T. Bjørgo y J. Horgan (Eds.), Leaving Terrorism Behind: Individual and Collective Disengagement, pp. 152-169. Nueva York: Routledge.
Pizarro Leongómez, E. (2004). Una democracia asediada: balance y perspectivas del conflicto armado en Colombia. Editorial Norma: Bogotá.
Rigby, A. (2001). Justice and Reconciliation: After the Violence. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Roldán, M. (2002). Blood and Fire: La violencia in Antioquia, Colombia, 1946-1953. Duke University Press, Durham.
Scott, J. C., (1976). The Moral Economy of the Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia. Yale University, Estados Unidos.
Sherman, L. W., Gartin, P. R. y Buerger, M. E. (1989). Hot Spots of Predatory Crime: Routine Activities and the Criminology of Place. Criminology, 27, 27-56.
Taylor, M., 1988. Rationality and revolution. CUP.
Tezcur, G. M. (2009). When Democratization Radicalizes? The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in Turkey (SSRN Scholarly Paper N.° ID 1451562). Social Science Research Network, Rochester, Nueva York.
Theidon, K. (2007). Transitional Subjects: The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia. IJTJ 1, 66-90.
Themnér, A. (2011). Violence in Post-Conflict Societies Remarginalization, Remobilizers, and Relationships. Routledge, Nueva York.
Thoumi, F. (2010). Medellín: comunas sin comunidad. Presented at the Taller de Expertos en Seguridad, Medellín, Colombia, pp. 1-13.
Villegas de Posada, C. (2009). Motives for the Enlistment and Demobilization of Illegal Armed Combatants in Colombia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 15, 263-280.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E., y Yang, S.-M. (2012). The Criminology of Place: Street Segments and our Understanding of the Crime Problem. Oxford University Press, Oxford; Nueva York.
Wickham-Crowley, T. P. (1992). Guerrillas and Revolution in Latin America: A Comparative Study of Insurgents and Regimes Since 1956. Princeton University Press.
Wood, E. J. (2003). Insurgent Collective Action and Civil War in El Salvador. Cambridge University Press.
Cómo citar
Ocampo, M. (2014). Criminalidad, grupos armados y reinserción: perfiles y motivaciones. Ciencias Sociales Y Educación, 3(5), 17-57. Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.udem.edu.co/index.php/Ciencias_Sociales/article/view/940
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